Kungani imakethe ye-dióxido de silício eBrazil nakuyo yonke iNingizimu Melika inesidingo esikhulu kangaka futhi esikhula ngokuqhubekayo?

Kwadalwa ngo 11.12

Kungani imakethe ye-silicon dioxide eBrazil nakulo lonke elaseNingizimu Melika inesidingo esikhulu kangaka futhi esikhula ngokuqhubekayo?

Imakethe ye-silicon dioxide e-Brazil naseNingizimu Melika yonke isiphenduke enye yezigaba ezinamandla kakhulu futhi ezinomthamo omkhulu wokusetshenziswa emhlabeni, enesidingo saminyaka yonke esingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-360 zamathani e-metric kanye nezinga lokukhula kwaminyaka yonke elihlanganisiwe elingaphezu kuka-5.2% eminyakeni emihlanu edlule. I-Brazil igxile kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwesifunda esingaphezu kuka-62%, izibeka njengomshayeli ongenakuphikiswa wesidingo saseNingizimu Melika, ilandelwa yi-Argentina, i-Chile, i-Colombia ne-Peru. Lokhu kwanda akugcini emkhakheni owodwa, kodwa kusekelwe ekukhuleni ngasikhathi sinye kwezimboni eziyisikhombisa ezibalulekile: ukunakekelwa komuntu siqu kanye nezimonyo, ukudla neziphuzo, ikhemisi kanye nezempilo, amapulasitiki kanye nokupakisha, amathayi kanye ne-rubber, upende kanye ne-varnish, kanye nezolimo kanye nokudla kwemfuyo. Ngokungafani nezimakethe ezivuthiwe ezinokukhula okumile, isifunda saseNingizimu Melika sihlanganisa isisekelo sokusetshenziswa kwabantu esikhulayo, ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni okuqhubekayo kanye nesidingo esikhulayo mayelana nekhwalithi nokuhambisana nemithetho, okuqinisekisa ukuthi isidingo se-silicon dioxide yamazinga ahlukene sizoqhubeka sikhula ngokungaguquki eminyakeni ezayo.

Imephu yaseNingizimu Melika enegrafu yokukhula kwemakethe ye-silicon dioxide eBrazil

1. Ukubuka konke kwemakethe: usayizi, ukusatshalaliswa ngamazwe kanye nezinhlobo zemikhiqizo

1.1 Umthamo ophelele nesisindo seBrazil esifundeni

Ngokusho kokuhlaziywa komkhakathi wamakhemikhali okhethekile, ukusetshenziswa okuphelele kwe-silicon dioxide (kokubili okokunciphisa nokwe-pyrogenic, kanye ne-silica gel) eNingizimu Melika kudlule amathani angu-362,000 ngo-2025, nemali engenayo elinganiselwa kwadlula izigidi ezingama-980 zamaRandi aseMelika. Ngaphakathi kwalelo volumu, iBrazil imelela u-62.3% wengqikithi, ngamathani angaphezu kuka-225,000 asetshenziswa minyaka yonke, okwenza kube imakethe yesishiyagalombili ngobukhulu ye-silicon dioxide emhlabeni futhi ibe umholi ongenakuphikiswa eLatin America.

Ngemuva kweBrazil kukhona i-Argentina, enesilinganiso samathani angama-48 000 ngonyaka (13.2% wokusetshenziswa kwesifunda), iChile enamathani angama-31 000 (8.5%), iColombia enamathani angama-27 000 (7.4%) kanye nePeru enamathani angama-19 000 (5.2%). Ezinye izwe ezifana ne-Uruguay, iParaguay, i-Ecuador neBolivia zihlanganisa ama-3.4% asele, nemakethe amancane kodwa anamathrendi okukhula amahle asekelwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Igrafu yesabelo sezwe ngokusetshenziswa kwe-silicon dioxide eNingizimu Melika, kugqanyiswa iBrazil

1.2 Izinhlobo ze-silicon dioxide ezifunwa kakhulu esifundeni

Ngokwezinhlobo zemikhiqizo, i-silicon dioxide ye-precipitation igxile cishe ku-78% wokusetshenziswa okuphelele eNingizimu Melika, njengoba isetshenziswa kakhulu emikhakheni yomthamo omkhulu njengamathayi, upende, ukunakekelwa kwamazinyo, izinto zokuvimbela ukunamathela kokudla kanye namapulasitiki. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-silicon dioxide ye-pyrogenic imele cishe u-14% wemakethe, eqondiswe ekusetshenzisweni kwenani eliphezulu njengezimonyo zekhwalithi ephezulu, ukulawulwa kwe-rheology kopende, ama-adhesive obuchwepheshe obuphezulu kanye nokupakishwa kwamafilimu anokucaca okuphezulu. Ekugcineni, i-silica gel nezinye izinhlobo ezikhethekile zimelela u-8% osele, ezisetshenziswa ikakhulukazi kuma-adsorbent okudla, ama-catalyst kanye nasekusetshenzisweni kwezemithi okuhlanzekile kakhulu.

1.3 Ukukhula kwesikhathi seminyaka eyishumi edlule

Eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, imakethe yaseNingizimu Melika ye-silicon dioxide iye yahlala ikhula ngokungaguquki, ngisho nasezikhathini zokushintshashintsha komnotho. Phakathi kuka-2015 no-2020, izinga lokukhula lonyaka elihlanganisiwe lalilingana no-4.1%, ikakhulukazi liqhutshwa ukwanda kwemboni yokudla nokupakisha. Kusukela ngo-2021, ijubane lokukhula lakhula laze lafinyelela ku-5.8% ngonyaka, liqhutshwa izici ezintathu ezibalulekile: ukululama kwemboni yezimoto namathayi ngemva kobhubhane, ukudlondlobala kwezohwebo lwe-elekthronikhi okwakhulisa isidingo samaphakethe epulasitiki aguquguqukayo, kanye nokwanda kokutshalwa kwezimali kwingqalasizinda nokwakha okwakhulisa ukusetshenziswa kopende nezingubo zokumboza zazo zonke izinhlobo.

2. Ukuhlukaniswa kwesidingo ngomkhakha: izimboni eziyisikhombisa eziqhuba ukusetshenziswa okukhulu

Amandla emakethe yaseNingizimu Melika asekwehlukaniseni kwayo: ayincikile embonini eyodwa yamakhasimende, kodwa inemithombo eminingi yezidingo ehlanganayo futhi enciphisa ukuguquguquka kwemakethe. Okulandelayo, kuhlaziywa ngokuningiliziwe imboni ngayinye ebalulekile.

Izimboni eziyisikhombisa ezikhuthaza isidingo se-silicon dioxide eBrazil naseNingizimu Melika

2.1 Ukunakekelwa komuntu siqu nezimonyo: umkhakha odla kakhulu i-silicon dioxide ekhethekile

Umkhakha wokunakekelwa komuntu siqu ungenye yezinjini eziqinile kakhulu zesidingo se-silicon dioxide eNingizimu Melika, ikakhulukazi eBrazil, enemboni yesibili yobuhle nokunakekelwa komuntu siqu enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni ngobuningi bamayunithi athengisiwe.

Ukusetshenziswa kukamhlathi wamazinyo: umkhakha onobuningi obukhulu

I-silicon dioxide yezinga lamazinyo iyisithako sokuhlanza nokuqinisa esisetshenziswa kakhulu ekwakhiweni kamhlathi wamazinyo, ithatha kancane kancane indawo ye-calcium carbonate emikhiqizweni yezinga eliphakathi neliphezulu. ENingizimu Melika, ukusetshenziswa kwe-silicon dioxide yokusetshenziswa kwamazinyo kudlula amathani angu-65,000 ngonyaka, okuningi kwawo angaphezu kwamathani angu-42,000 avela eBrazil kuphela.

Isidingo sisekelwe ebukhoneni bezinkampani ezinkulu zamazwe ngamazwe kulo mkhakha: i-Colgate-Palmolive, i-Unilever, i-Procter & Gamble, i-Henkel ne-GSK zinezitshalo zokukhiqiza e-Brazil, e-Argentina nase-Chile, futhi zihlinzeka isifunda sonke kusukela kulezo zikhungo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwanda kwezimpawu zasekhaya kanye nemikhiqizo yokuhlanza amazinyo, imithi yamazinyo yamazinyo azwelayo kanye namafomula emvelo kukhuthaze isidingo sezinga elikhethekile le-silicon dioxide elinemingcele yobukhulu bezinhlayiyana nokuhuzuka okulawulwa ngokuphelele.

Ukusetshenziswa kwezimonyo nokunakekelwa kwesikhumba: ukukhula kwezinga eliphezulu

Emkhakheni wezimonyo, i-silicon dioxide epyrogenic isetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokunciphisa ukucwebezela, i-thickener, i-anti-caking kanye ne-ejenti yokwakha ukuthungwa kumakhrimu, amaloshini, izimonyo, izihlanza umzimba kanye nemikhiqizo yokuvikela ilanga. Eminyakeni emihlanu edlule, ukusetshenziswa kwe-silicon dioxide yezimonyo eNingizimu Melika kukhule ngezinga lonyaka lika-7.9%, okuphezulu kakhulu kunesilinganiso sesifunda, okushukunyiswa ukwanda kwemali esetshenziswayo ngomuntu ngamunye kwezobuhle, ukusabalala komkhuba wokunakekela isikhumba kanye nokungena kwezimpawu zamazwe ngamazwe zezinga eliphezulu emakethe.

IBrazil ihamba phambili kulo mkhakha ngaphezu kuka-70% wokusetshenziswa kwesifunda, ilandelwa yi-Argentina neChile, lapho imakethe yezimonyo zezinga eliphezulu ibonise ukukhula okuphawulekayo ikakhulukazi eminyakeni yamuva.

2.2 Imboni yokudla neziphuzo: isidingo esizinzile samazinga okudla

Imboni yokudla neziphuzo iwumkhakha wesibili ngobuningi bokusetshenziswa kwe-silicon dioxide yezinga lokudla, ngaphezu kwamathani angu-58,000 ngonyaka kulo lonke elaseNingizimu Melika. I-silicon dioxide evunyelwe ukuthintana nokudla isetshenziswa ikakhulukazi njenge-ejenti elivimbela ukunamathela ezintweni zokudla eziyimpuphu, njengesihlanzi kubhiya neziphuzo, nanjenge-adsorbent ekuhlanzeni uwoyela namafutha adliwayo.

Izinto ezivimbela ukunamathela emikhiqizweni eyimpuphu: ukusetshenziswa okusabalele kakhulu

Emikhiqizweni efana nobisi oluyimpuphu, ushizi oyimpuphu, i-whey yobisi, izinongo, ushukela ocolekile, ufulawa okhethekile kanye nezakhiwo zokudla ezisizayo, i-silicon dioxide ivimbela ukwakheka kwamagaxa futhi ithuthukisa ukuhamba kahle kwezimpuphu ngesikhathi sokucubungula, ukufaka emikhunjini nokugcina. Ngokukhula kwemboni yokudla okucubunguliwe nezakhiwo zokudla zemidlalo esifundeni, isidingo salolu hlobo lwe-silicon dioxide silokhu sikhula ngokuzinza ngo-4.5% ngonyaka.

IBrazil, njengomkhiqizi omkhulu wokudla eNingizimu Melika futhi ingomunye wabathengisi abakhulu emhlabeni wemikhiqizo yezolimo nokudla, igxilisa ngaphezu kuka-60% walokhu kusetshenziswa. I-Argentina, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ibonisa isidingo esibalulekile esivela embonini yayo enamandla yobisi nenyama elungisiwe.

Ukucaciswa kukabhiya neziphuzo

Okunye ukusetshenziswa okubalulekile ukusetshenziswa kwe-silica gel njenge-ejenti yokucacisa ekukhiqizeni ubhiya, lapho isusa khona izinhlanganisela zamaprotheni ezibangela ukufiphala futhi ithuthukisa ukuzinza kwesiphuzo phakathi nokuphila kwaso. INingizimu Melika inemboni yobhiya enkulu kakhulu: iBrazil ingumkhiqizi wesithathu emhlabeni wobhiya, futhi amazwe afana neColombia, i-Argentina nePeru nawo anezimakethe zasekhaya ezithuthuke kakhulu.

Ukukhula kwezinkampani zikabhiya ezakhiwe ngezandla kuso sonke isifunda nakho kube nomthelela ekwandiseni isidingo se-silica gel yezinga lokudla, njengoba lezi zinhlobo zifuna imikhiqizo yekhwalithi ephezulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukucaca nokuzinza kokwakhiwa kwazo.

2.3 Umkhakha wezokwelapha nezempilo: ukukhula kwesidingo samazinga okuhlanzeka okuphezulu

Umkhakha wezokwelapha waseNingizimu Melika ube nokukhula okuqhubekayo kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, okushukunyiswa ukwanda kokufinyelela kwezempilo, ukwanda kwemakethe yemithi yokwenziwa kanye nokulawulwa okukhulu kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo zekhwalithi. Kulesi simo, i-silicon dioxide yezinga lezemithi isiphenduke into esetshenziswayo ebalulekile, esetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokugeleza, i-anti-agglutinant kanye nendawo yokuthwala kumaphilisi, amaphilisi e-capsule kanye nezimpushana zemithi.

Ukusetshenziswa kwaminyaka yonke kwe-silicon dioxide yezemithi esifundeni kucishe kube amathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-12, ngezinga lokukhula kwaminyaka yonke elingama-6.8%, eliphezulu kakhulu kunemakethe evamile. I-Brazil imele ngaphezu kuka-65% walokhu kusetshenziswa, njengoba inemboni yezemithi ethuthuke kakhulu e-Latin America, enezitshalo zamalabhorethri ezinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe nezasemakhaya ezinikeza imakethe yangaphakathi kanye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe aseNingizimu Melika.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhula kwemakethe yezithako zokudla kanye nemikhiqizo yezempilo yemvelo kudale isidingo esengeziwe se-silicon dioxide yezinga lokudla-nezemithi, ikakhulukazi emazweni afana ne-Chile, i-Argentina ne-Colombia, lapho ukuqwashisa ngempilo nokunethezeka kukhuphuke kakhulu.

Isici esibalulekile sale ngxenye ukudinga okuphezulu kokuqondisa ngokomthetho: imikhiqizo kufanele ihlangabezane namazinga afana ne-United States Pharmacopeia (USP), i-European Pharmacopeia (EP) kanye namazinga endawo yezwe ngalinye, okukhuphula umkhawulo wokungena futhi kwenza isidingo sigxile kubaphakeli abanezitifiketi ezaziwa umhlaba wonke.

2.4 Imboni yamapulasitiki nezingxenyekazi: injini yokukhula eshesha kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva

Imboni yamapulasitiki nezingxenyekazi, ngokungangabazeki, iyiyo engxenye eyakhuthaza kakhulu ukukhula kwesidingo se-silicon dioxide eNingizimu Melika eminyakeni emihlanu edlule, ngezinga lokukhula lonyaka elihlanganisiwe elingu-7.2%. I-silicon dioxide isetshenziswa kule ngxenye ikakhulukazi njenge-ejenti elivimbela ukunamathela (isivuli) kumafilimu epulasitiki, njenge-ejenti elinciphisa ukukhanya ezingubeni namapulasitiki, nanjenge-ejenti eliqinisa ezintweni ezihlanganisiwe.

I-ejenti elwa nokunamathela kumafilimu okupakisha: umkhakha onomthamo omkhulu kakhulu

Isicelo esifisekayo kakhulu yi-anti-block kumafilimu e-polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) kanye ne-BOPP, asetshenziswa ekupakisheni ukudla, imikhiqizo yezimboni kanye nezimpahla zokuthenga. I-silicon dioxide yakha ama-microprotrusions ebusweni befilimu, ivimbela izingqimba ukuthi zinganamatheli kwenye ngesikhathi sokugobhoza futhi yenza kube lula ukuvula emigqeni yokugcwalisa yezimboni.

Ukukhula kwezohwebo lwe-elekthronikhi eNingizimu Melika kukhulise isidingo sokupakisha okuguquguqukayo, njengoba imikhiqizo eminingi ithengiswa nge-inthanethi futhi idinga ukupakisha okuqinile nokusezingeni eliphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhula kwemboni yokudla okucutshungulwayo neziphuzo kwandisa isidingo samafilimu okupakisha anezakhiwo ezikhethekile, njengokucaca okuphezulu, ukumelana nokushisa kanye nokuphepha kokudla okuqinisekisiwe.

IBrazil inemboni ebalulekile yamafilimu epulasitiki kanye nama-masterbatches e-anti-blocking, kodwa izinkampani eziningi zincike ekuthengeni kwamanye amazwe i-silicon dioxide yekhwalithi ephezulu ukuze zikwazi ukwakha imikhiqizo yazo, ikakhulukazi imikhiqizo esezingeni eliphezulu njengamafilimu anokucaca okuphezulu kanye nokupakishwa okusetshenziselwa ezokwelapha.

Ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza kumapulasitiki

Ngaphandle kwama-anti-blocking agents, i-silicon dioxide isetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokunciphisa ukukhanya kuma-PVC profiles, izingxenye zepulasitiki zefenisha kanye ne-automation, futhi njengesiqinisi kuma-rubber and plastic compounds. Njengoba isidingo samapulasitiki anezinga lokugcina elingacacile kanye nezakhiwo ezingcono zomshini sikhula, le ngxenye nayo ibonisa ukukhula okuhle okuqhubekayo.

Insimu ekhulayo enekhono elikhulu iwukwakhiwa kwamapulasitiki abolekayo kanye nalawo asekelwe ezintweni eziphilayo, lapho i-silicon dioxide isetshenziswa njengesengezo sokuthuthukisa ukucubungula kanye nezakhiwo zomshini zalezi zinto. Njengoba isifunda sithatha imithetho eqinile mayelana namapulasitiki asetshenziswa kanye, kulindeleke ukuthi isidingo se-silicon dioxide salezi zinhlobo zokusetshenziswa sikhule kakhulu eminyakeni ezayo.

2.5 Imboni yamathayi nenjoloba: isidingo se-silicon dioxide ye-precipitation enokusabalalisa okuphezulu

Imboni yamathayi ingomunye wabasebenzisi bakudala be-silicon dioxide ye-precipitation enokusabalalisa okuphezulu (HDS), esetshenziswa njengomthwalo wokuqinisa kumakhemikhali enjoloba ukuze kuncishiswe ukumelana nokugingqika, kuthuthukiswe ukubambelela ezindaweni ezimanzi futhi kwandiswe ukuqina kwamathayi.

INingizimu Melika inemboni yezimoto namathayi esekhulile kahle: iBrazil iyindawo enkulu kakhulu yokukhiqiza izimoto namathayi esifundeni, inezitshalo zabakhiqizi abakhulu bomhlaba njengeBridgestone, Michelin, Goodyear, Pirelli neContinental. I-Argentina neChile nazo zinokukhiqizwa kwamathayi kanye nesidingo esibalulekile semakethe yokushintsha, esimele ingxenye enkulu yomthamo wonke.

Ukusetshenziswa kwaminyaka yonke kwe-silicon dioxide yamathayi esifundeni kucishe kube amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-72, okugxilisa cishe u-20% wokusetshenziswa okuphelele. Ukushintshela emathayini aluhlaza anokumelana okuphansi nokugingqika, okuqhubekiswa izindinganiso zokusebenza kahle kwamandla kanye nesidingo sabathengi abaqaphela imvelo, kwenze ukuthi ingxenye ye-silicon dioxide ezakhiweni zamathayi ikhule kancane kancane, okudala ukukhula okuqhubekayo kwesidingo.

Ngaphandle komkhakha wamathayi, i-silicon dioxide iphinde isetshenziswe kweminye imikhiqizo yenjoloba njengamapayipi, amabhande, izimpawu kanye nezinyawo zezicathulo, imikhakha nayo ebika isidingo esizinzile kuso sonke isifunda.

2.6 Imboni yamapende ne-varnish: eqhutshwa ukwakhiwa nemboni

Imboni yamapende nezingubo zokumboza ingomunye umsebenzisi obalulekile we-silicon dioxide, ngokusetshenziswa kwaminyaka yonke eNingizimu Melika cishe kwamathani angu-45 000. I-silicon dioxide eyenziwe ngomlilo kanye ne-precipitated matting isetshenziswa njenge-ejenti ye-rheology, yokuvimbela ukuhlehla kanye ne-matting kumapende ezakhiwo, ezimbonini, okhuni nasezimoto, kanye namapende okunyathelisa e-flexographic ne-offset.

Ukuqhutshwa kokwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukululama komkhakha wezokwakha emazweni afana neBrazil, Chile kanye neColombia kukhuthaze kakhulu isidingo sopende lwezakhiwo, futhi ngenxa yalokho nesidingo se-silicon dioxide. Izinhlelo zezindlu zomphakathi, ukutshalwa kwemali kwingqalasizinda yemigwaqo kanye nokuvuselelwa kwezakhiwo zezentengiselwano kudale isidingo esikhulu sokugqoka kwezinhlobo zonke kanye namazinga ahlukene.

Ukukhula kopende lwezimboni nolokukhiqiza okuphezulu

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthuthuka komkhakha wezokukhiqiza waseNingizimu Melika kwandise isidingo sopende lwezimboni olukhiqiza okuphezulu, oludinga izithasiselo zekhwalithi ephezulu njenge-pyrogenic silicon dioxide ukuze kulawulwe i-rheology futhi kuthuthukiswe izici zefilimu yopende.

Umkhakha wopende wokuphrinta nawo unomthelela obalulekile esidingweni, ikakhulukazi ngokukhula komkhakha wokupakisha kanye nokuphrintwa kwamalebula nokupakisha okuguquguqukayo kwekhwalithi ephezulu.

2.7 Ezolimo kanye nokudla kwezilwane: imakethe enkulu yomthamo enamandla okukhula

Njengesifunda esihamba phambili ekukhiqizeni ezolimo emhlabeni wonke, iNingizimu Melika inesidingo esikhulu kakhulu se-silicon dioxide yezinga lokudla ezosetshenziswa ekudleni kwezilwane nasezintweni zokulima.

Ukudla kwezilwane: izinto zokuvimbela ukunamathela emadleni nasezithasiselweni

Ekukhiqizeni ukudla kwezinkomo, izinkukhu, izingulube kanye nezilwane zasemanzini, i-silicon dioxide isetshenziswa njengento evimbela ukunamathela ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuhamba kahle kokudla okuyimpuphu nokuyizinhlamvu, kuvinjelwe ukwakheka kwamagwebu ngesikhathi sokugcinwa futhi kuqinisekiswe ukusatshalaliswa okulinganayo kwezithasiselo zokudla.

IBrazil, i-Argentina, i-Uruguay neParaguay zingabanye babakhiqizi abakhulu kakhulu bezinhlamvu nenyama emhlabeni, futhi zinemboni yokudla kwezilwane enkulu kakhulu. Ukusetshenziswa kwaminyaka yonke kwe-silicon dioxide yokudla kwezilwane kulesi sifunda kudlula amathani angu-38,000, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi kuqhubeke kukhula njengoba ukukhiqizwa kwamaprotheni ezilwane kukhula ukuze kuhlinzekwe imakethe yasekhaya kanye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe emhlabeni.

Izinto zokulima: izimoto nezithasiselo zemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali ezolimo

Emkhakheni wamakhemikhali ezolimo, i-silicon dioxide isetshenziswa njengesithwali nesivimbela ukunamathela emikhiqizweni yemithi yokubulala ukhula, imithi yokubulala isikhunta nemithi yokubulala izinambuzane eyimpushana neyizinhlayiyana. INingizimu Melika ingenye yezimakethe ezinkulu kakhulu zamakhemikhali ezolimo emhlabeni, ngakho-ke lokhu kusetshenziswa kumelela umthamo obalulekile wesidingo, onamandla okukhula njengoba kusetshenziswa imikhiqizo esebenza kahle kakhulu futhi yekhwalithi ephezulu.

3. Indima emaphakathi yeBrazil: kungani iyimakethe ekhanga kakhulu eNingizimu Melika

IBrazil ayilona nje izwe elikhulu kakhulu futhi elinabantu abaningi eNingizimu Melika, kodwa futhi igxilisa isisekelo sezimboni esiphelele futhi esihlukahlukene kakhulu esifundeni, okusenza kube yinjini engenakuphikiswa yesidingo se-dioksidi ye-silicon.

3.1 Isisekelo sezimboni esihlukahlukene kanye nesidingo semikhakha eminingi

Ngokungafani namanye amazwe aseNingizimu Melika ancike emikhakheni eyodwa noma emibili eyinhloko, iBrazil inezimboni ezithuthukile kuzo zonke izingxenye ezibalulekile ze-dioksidi ye-silicon: ukunakekelwa komuntu siqu, ukudla, imithi, amapulasitiki, amathayi, upende kanye nezolimo. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kwenza ukuthi imakethe yaseBrazil ibe nokuqina phambi kwezinkinga zomnotho futhi igcine ukukhula okungaguquki esikhathini eside.

3.2 Inani elikhulu labantu kanye nemakethe yokuthenga enkulu

Enabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-215, iBrazil inemakethe yokuthenga enkulu kunazo zonke eMelika Ephakathi. Ukwanda kwesigaba esiphakathi emashumini amabili eminyaka edlule kudale ukukhula okuqhubekayo kokusetshenziswa kwezimpahla zokugcina, kusukela kumakhowe nezimonyo kuze kufike ekudleni okucutshungulwayo nemikhiqizo epakishwe, lokho okudlulela ngqo ekwenyukeni kwesidingo sezinto zokusetshenziswa zamakhemikhali ezingavuthiwe njenge-silicon dioxide.

3.3 Umthamo wokukhiqiza wasekhaya awanele futhi ukuncika okukhulu ekuthengisweni kwamanye amazwe

Naphezu komthamo wayo omkhulu wokusetshenziswa, iBrazil inomthamo wokukhiqiza wasekhaya we-silicon dioxide olinganiselwe kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezingeni eliphakathi nendawo naphezulu. Iningi lokukhiqizwa kwasekhaya ligxile ezingeni elijwayelekile lezinto zokusetshenziswa eziyisisekelo, kuyilapho imikhiqizo yokuhlanzeka okuphezulu, enobukhulu obulawulwayo kanye nezinga elikhethekile (i-pyrogenic, yamazinyo, yezemithi) incike kakhulu ekuthengisweni kwamanye amazwe.

Abahlinzeki abakhulu be-silicon dioxide engenisiwe eBrazil yiChina, i-United States kanye namazwe aseYurophu. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, imikhiqizo yaseChina ithole ingxenye yemakethe ekhulayo ngenxa yobudlelwano bayo obuhle bekhwalithi nentengo, ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwekhwalithi kanye nokutholakala kwezitifiketi zamazwe ngamazwe ezifana ne-USP, i-EP kanye nezitifiketi zokudla ezisemthethweni.

3.4 Amandla okukhula esikhathi eside

Naphezu kobukhulu bayo bamanje, imakethe yaseBrazil ye-silicon dioxide isenendawo ebanzi yokukhula. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-silicon dioxide ngomuntu ngamunye eBrazil kusephansi kunezamazwe athuthukile njenge-United States, iJalimane noma iJapan, okubonisa ukuthi njengoba izinga lemali engenayo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni kukhula, isidingo sizoqhubeka nokwanda kancane kancane.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhakha esafufusa njengamandla elanga (ngokusetshenziswa kwe-dioksidi ye-silicon kumafilimu e-encapsulant wamaphaneli e-photovoltaic), amabhethri e-lithium kanye nezinto ezithuthukile kuzokhiqiza imithombo emisha yezidingo ebaluleke kakhulu eminyakeni ezayo.

4. Izici zesakhiwo ezikhuthaza ukukhula okusimeme kwezidingo

Ukukhula okungaguquki kwezidingo ze-dioksidi ye-silicon e-Brazil naseNingizimu Melika akuzona into nje engahleliwe, kodwa kusekelwe ezicini zesakhiwo eziqinisekisa ukwanda kwemakethe esikhathini eside.

4.1 Ukwanda kwabantu kanye nokukhula kwamandla okuthenga

INingizimu Melika inabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-430, inani labantu abasha futhi elikhulayo, elinesigaba esiphakathi esikhulayo esifuna izinto zekhwalithi ephezulu ngokwanda. Njengoba imali engenayo yomuntu ngamunye ikhula, ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yokunakekela umuntu, ukudla okucutshungulwayo, izimpahla ezihlala isikhathi eside kanye nezinsizakalo kuyakhula, lokhu okuhumushela ngqo ekwenyukeni kwesidingo sezinto zokwakha zamakhemikhali.

4.2 Ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni kancane kancane kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemigqa yokuhlinzeka yasendaweni

Emashumini eminyaka adlule, iNingizimu Melika yabhekana nenqubo yokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni kancane kancane, ngokuthuthukiswa kwemigqa yokuhlinzeka yasendaweni emikhakheni efana nokupakisha, izimonyo, ukudla kanye nemithi. Izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe ziyanda ngokufaka izitshalo zokukhiqiza esifundeni ukuze zihlinzekele imakethe yasendaweni futhi zigweme izintela eziphezulu kanye nezindleko zokuhamba zezinto ezithengwayo eziphelele.

Lokhu kukhula kwandisa isidingo sezinto zokusetshenziswa zamakhemikhali ezingavuthiwe njenge-silicon dioxide, njengoba izitshalo zasekhaya zidinga ukuzihlinzeka ngezinto zokukhiqiza zomsebenzi wazo. Ngokungafani nemikhiqizo eseqediwe, izinto zokusetshenziswa zamakhemikhali zinezinga eliphansi lezintela emazweni amaningi aseNingizimu Melika, okukhuthaza ukungeniswa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa ezingavuthiwe zekhwalithi.

4.3 Isidingo esikhulayo sezomthetho kanye nokushintshwa kwemikhiqizo yekhwalithi ephansi

Izinhlangano ezilawulayo zamazwe aseNingizimu Melika ziqinisa izindinganiso eziphathelene nokuphepha kokudla, izinga lemithi, ukuphepha kwezimonyo kanye nezakhiwo zezinto zokupakisha. Lokhu kufuna okukhulu kwenza izinkampani ziyeke kancane kancane izithasiselo zekhwalithi ephansi ezingenazo izitifiketi, futhi zikhethe i-silicon dioxide yekhwalithi ephezulu enezitifiketi ezaziwa emhlabeni jikelele.

Isibonelo, emkhakheni wokudla, umthetho we-MERCOSUL mayelana nezithako zokudla ubeka izidingo eziqinile zokuhlanzeka nokuphepha kwe-silicon dioxide, okukhuphula umkhawulo wokungena wemikhiqizo yekhwalithi ephansi. Emkhakheni wezokwelapha, ukwamukelwa kwemithetho yemikhuba emihle yokukhiqiza (GMP) kanye nesidingo sokuhambisana ne-USP ne-EP kukhuthaze isidingo semikhiqizo yekhwalithi ephezulu.

4.4 Ukuvela kwemikhakha esafufusa enamandla amasha esidingo

Ngaphezu kwemikhakha evamile, kuvela izinhlelo ezintsha ze-silicon dioxide ezizokhiqiza imithamo ebalulekile yesidingo eminyakeni ezayo:

Amandla elanga
Amabhethri e-lithium
Izinto zokwakha eziphilayo nezibolayo

5. Izinselelo zemakethe nezici zochungechunge lokuhlinzeka

Naphezu kwamandla awo amakhulu, imakethe yaseNingizimu Melika ye-silicon dioxide nayo inezinselelo ezibalulekile okufanele abahlinzeki bazazi ukuze basebenze ngempumelelo esifundeni.

5.1 Ukuguquguquka kwemali yamazwe kanye nobunkimbinkimbi bezentela

Iningi lamazwe aseNingizimu Melika linemali ehlangabezana nokuguquguquka uma iqhathaniswa nedola laseMelika, okuthinta izindleko zokungenisa kanye nokuhlela kwezinkampani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlelo zentela ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi ziyahlukahluka kakhulu ukusuka kwelinye izwe kuye kwelinye, kanye nezintela zokungenisa, izintela zangaphakathi kanye nezindleko zentela yempahla ezingandisa kakhulu izindleko zokugcina zomkhiqizo.

Esimeni esikhethekile saseBrazil, uhlelo lwentela luyinkimbinkimbi ikakhulukazi, ngezintela zikahulumeni omkhulu, zezifunda kanye nezikamasipala ezithinta intengo yokugcina yemikhiqizo engenisiwe. Abangenisi kufanele bazi kahle umthetho wendawo ukuze babale ngendlela efanele izindleko eziphelele zokungenisa futhi bahlele imikhawulo yabo yenzuzo ngendlela engokoqobo.

5.2 Izindleko eziphakeme zokuhamba kwempahla kanye nezikhathi ezinde zokulethwa

Ngenxa yebanga lendawo namazwe ayinhloko akhiqiza i-silicon dioxide (iShayina, iYurophu, iMelika), izikhathi zokuthumela ngomkhumbi zinde, ngokuvamile ziphakathi kwezinsuku ezingama-30 nezingu-45 ukufika emachwebeni aseBrazil, futhi zinde nakakhulu ukufika emazweni asePacific njengeChile nePeru. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindleko zokuthutha kwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokuthutha kwangaphakathi zingaba yingxenye ebalulekile yezindleko eziphelele zomkhiqizo.

Ukuminyana ezikhumulweni zemikhumbi kanye nokubambezeleka kwezinqubo zentela yempahla nakho kuyizingqinamba ezivamile emazweni amaningi akulesi sifunda, ngakho-ke abahlinzeki kufanele bahlele kahle ukuthunyelwa kwempahla futhi basebenze nabalingani bezokuthutha bendawo abathembekile.

5.3 Izithiyo zokuhweba kanye nezidingo zokugunyazwa

Nakuba iningi lamazwe aseNingizimu Melika livumela ukungeniswa kwe-silicon dioxide, kunezidingo zokugunyazwa nokubhaliswa okufanele kuhlonishwe. Isibonelo, eBrazil, izithako zokudla nemithi kufanele zibhaliswe ku-ANVISA (I-Ejensi Kazwelonke Yokulawula Ezempilo), inqubo edinga isikhathi nemibhalo enemininingwane.

Ngaphansi kwe-MERCOSUL, kukhona imithetho efanayo yezithako zokudla namakhemikhali, kodwa izwe ngalinye lingaba nezimfuneko ezengeziwe. Abahlinzeki bamazwe ngamazwe kufanele bathembele kuzo zonke izitifiketi ezidingekayo (ISO, izitifiketi zokudla, USP, EP, njll.) ukuze bangene emakethe ngendlela ezinzile.

5.4 Ukuncintisana kwemikhiqizo yasendaweni nabanye abahlinzeki bamazwe ngamazwe

Nakuba ukukhiqizwa kwasekhaya kukhawulelwe, kukhona abakhiqizi abambalwa baseNingizimu Melika be-silicon dioxide abancintisana emkhakheni wamazinga ajwayelekile kanye nezindleko eziphansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abahlinzeki base-United States naseYurophu banomlando wokuba khona esifundeni, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wezinga eliphezulu.

Nokho, abahlinzeki baseShayina bathole inzuzo eminyakeni yamuva nje ngenxa yamandla abo okukhiqiza, ukuthuthuka kwekhwalithi, ukutholakala kwezitifiketi kanye nobudlelwano bekhwalithi nentengo obuncintisanayo kakhulu, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wezinga eliphakathi nendawo kanye nemikhiqizo enomthamo omkhulu wokusetshenziswa.

6. Imibono yesikhathi esizayo namathrendi emakethe eminyakeni emi-5 ezayo

Imibono yemakethe ye-silicon dioxide eBrazil naseNingizimu Melika eminyakeni emihlanu ezayo mihle kakhulu, ngezinga lokukhula lonyaka elihlanganisiwe elilindelekile phakathi kuka-5% no-6% kuze kufike ku-2030.

6.1 Ukukhula ngomkhakha

Umkhakha wamapulasitiki nokupakisha uzoqhubeka ube yinjini yokukhula esheshayo, uqhutshwa ukuhweba nge-elekthronikhi kanye nesidingo sokupakisha okusimeme.
Umkhakha wokunakekelwa komuntu siqu uzogcina ukukhula okuqinile, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wezimonyo ezisezingeni eliphezulu kanye nemikhiqizo yokunakekelwa kwesikhumba.
Umkhakha wezempilo uzoqhubeka ukhula ngaphezu kwesilinganiso, nesidingo esikhulayo sezinto ezisetshenziswayo zekhwalithi ephezulu.
Umkhakha wamathayi uzolulama kancane kancane futhi ugcine ukukhula okuzinzile, okushukunyiswa ukwenziwa kabusha kwemikhumbi yezimoto kanye nokwamukelwa kwamathayi asebenza ngempumelelo enkulu kumandla.
Imikhakha esafufusa njengamandla elanga namabhethri e-lithium izoqala ukukhiqiza imithamo efanele yesidingo kusukela ngo-2027-2028.

6.2 Izitayela zesidingo sezinga lomkhiqizo

Isidingo se-silicon dioxide yezinga eliphakathi neliphezulu kulindeleke ukuthi sikhule ngokushesha kunesezinga elijwayelekile. Izinkampani zizofuna imikhiqizo enezakhiwo ezilawulwayo, izitifiketi zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezihambisana nezicelo ezithile, esikhundleni semikhiqizo ejwayelekile yekhwalithi ephansi.

Futhi kuzokhula isidingo semikhiqizo enezitifiketi zokusimama kanye nomsuka onomthwalo wemfanelo, njengoba izinkampani zamukela izinqubomgomo zemvelo kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi webhizinisi.

6.3 Amathuba abahlinzeki bamazwe ngamazwe

Kubaphakeli bamazwe ngamazwe be-silicon dioxide, ikakhulukazi abaseShayina, imakethe yaseNingizimu Melika imele ithuba elibalulekile lokukhula. Ukungenelela kokukhiqizwa kwasekhaya, isidingo esikhulayo semikhiqizo yekhwalithi kanye nesidingo sezinye izindlela ezincintisanayo kubaphakeli bendabuko kudala isimo esivumayo sokungena nokwanda esifundeni.

Izihluthulelo zempumelelo yilezi: ukuba nazo zonke izitifiketi ezidingekayo emakethe ngayinye, ukusebenza nabasabalalisi bendawo abanolwazi olujulile lwemakethe, ukunikeza ukusekelwa kobuchwepheshe okuseduze nokulungisa umnikelo ukuze uhlangabezane nezidingo eziqondile zomkhakha ngamunye nezwe ngalinye.

7. Imibuzo evamile (FAQ)

Yiliphi izwe elisebenzisa kakhulu i-silicon dioxide eNingizimu Melika?

IBrazil iyizwe elisetshenziswa kakhulu i-silicon dioxide eNingizimu Melika, ligxile kulo ngaphezu kuka-62% womthamo wendawo yonke. Linezimboni ezihlukahlukene kakhulu kanye nemakethe yabathengi enkulu kunazo zonke esifundeni, okuyenza ibe yinjini yemakethe yaseNingizimu Melika ngokungangabazeki.

Yimiphi imikhakha eyinhloko esebenzisa i-silicon dioxide esifundeni?

Imikhakha eyisikhombisa emikhulu yile: ukunakekelwa komuntu siqu nezimonyo, ukudla neziphuzo, ikhemisi nezempilo, izingcwecwe nokupakisha, amathayi nenjoloba, upende namavanishi, kanye nezolimo nokudla kwezilwane. Umkhakha wezingcwecwe nokupakisha yiwo obona ukukhula okushesha kakhulu njengamanje.

Yimiphi imithetho okufanele ihlangatshezwe imikhiqizo ye-silicon dioxide ukuze ingene eBrazil?

Ekusetshenzisweni kokudla nemithi, imikhiqizo kufanele ibe nokubhaliswa kwe-ANVISA (I-Ejensi Kazwelonke Yokugada Ezempilo yaseBrazil). Ngaphezu kwalokho, kudingeka izitifiketi zamazwe ngamazwe ezifana ne-USP (I-Pharmacopoeia yase-United States), i-EP (I-Pharmacopoeia yaseYurophu) kanye nokuhlangabezana nemithetho ye-MERCOSUL yezithako zokudla. Ekusetshenzisweni kwezimboni, kudingeka amafayela edatha yokuphepha (SDS) kanye nokucaciswa kobuchwepheshe okuningiliziwe.

Kungani iBrazil incike kakhulu ekuthengisweni kwamanye amazwe kwe-silicon dioxide?

Naphezu komthamo wayo omkhulu wokusetshenziswa, ukukhiqizwa kwasendaweni kwe-silicon dioxide eBrazil kukhawulelwe, ikakhulukazi ezingeni lekhwalithi ephakathi nendawo ephezulu. Ukukhiqizwa kwasendaweni kugxile ikakhulukazi emikhiqizweni ejwayelekile yezinhlelo eziyisisekelo, kuyilapho imikhiqizo ekhethekile, enobumsulwa obuphezulu kanye nokulinganiswa kahle kokusanhlamvu kufanele ithengwe eChina, e-United States noma eYurophu.

Yimaphi amathemba okukhula umakethe onawo eminyakeni ezayo?

Kulindeleke ukuthi imakethe ye-silicon dioxide eNingizimu Melika ikhule ngezinga lonyaka elihlanganisiwe phakathi kuka-5% no-6% kuze kufike ku-2030. Ukukhula kuzoqhubekezelwa ukwanda kwemikhakha yokupakisha, ukunakekelwa komuntu siqu kanye nekhemisi, kanye nokuvela kwezinhlelo ezintsha kumandla elanga, amabhethri e-lithium kanye nezinto ezisimeme.

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